Ingredients

Whey is dairy, and dairy is permissible. So why is this the single most asked question about supplements? Because whey is not made from milk — it is made from cheese, and that is where the question actually lives.

The word 'modified' makes people think of genetic engineering or something worse. It means neither. But the phrase does hide one thing worth knowing, and it is not the thing anyone worries about.

Almost none of the citric acid in your food comes from citrus. It is grown on a fungus in a vat, which sounds alarming and is completely fine — and the reasons it is fine are worth knowing.

MSG carries two reputations it has largely outgrown — one about health, one about permissibility. The permissibility question has a specific and interesting history, and it has a clear answer.

It is on thousands of labels, it sounds engineered, and it is one of the few long chemical-sounding words on a packet that you can safely stop worrying about. Here is why — and the two cases where it is worth a second look.

The name says milk and the process says fermentation, so people worry about dairy and about alcohol. Neither worry survives contact with how it is actually made — but there is one use of it that deserves attention.

It is in most tablets and capsules on the shelf, it attracts more internet alarm than almost any other excipient, and the one thing genuinely worth checking about it is not the thing people argue about.

Stearic acid is in soap, chocolate, tablets, candles and half the cosmetics aisle. It can be made from beef fat or from palm oil, the label almost never says which, and the difference is the whole question.

Two words that can legally stand in for hundreds of substances, including alcohol and animal derivatives, with no obligation to tell you which. Here is what the phrase covers and what you can realistically do about it.

Lecithin is in chocolate, bread, margarine and half the supplements on the shelf. It is one of the few suspicious-sounding ingredients that is almost always fine — and the word 'almost' is doing real work.

Gelatin is the single most common reason a food product turns out not to be halal — and the label almost never tells you which animal it came from. Here is what it is, why the answer is genuinely contested, and what you can actually determine before you buy.

There are over three hundred E-numbers and almost all of them are irrelevant to you. These are the ones that actually decide whether a product is a problem — what they are, where they come from, and which ones are genuinely ambiguous.

E471 is in bread, ice cream, peanut butter, margarine and coffee creamer. It can be made from soybean oil or from beef tallow, the label is identical either way, and that single ambiguity affects more products than any other ingredient.

A dough conditioner that appears in bagels, pizza bases, burger buns and packaged pastry. It has historically been produced from human hair and poultry feathers — and the modern picture is better than that reputation, but not uniformly.

One makes things red, the other makes them shiny. Both come from insects, both are extremely common, and unlike most ambiguous ingredients there is no plant-derived version to hope for.

Real vanilla extract is legally required to contain at least 35% alcohol. That fact surprises people, and it opens one of the most genuinely debated questions in halal food — with more nuance than either "it's fine" or "avoid it".

Cheese needs an enzyme to set, and that enzyme traditionally comes from the stomach lining of a calf. Modern production has largely moved on — but labels rarely say which method was used, and whey carries the question into products that are not cheese at all.

Glycerin is in toothpaste, soap, moisturiser, cough syrup, icing and low-fat food. It can be made from vegetable oil, animal fat or petroleum, and the label says only "glycerin" in every case.

Collagen is, by definition, an animal protein. There is no plant collagen, whatever the packaging implies. So the only questions are which animal, how it was slaughtered, and what the capsule around it is made of.

The oil inside is almost never the problem. The softgel around it usually is — and that is the part nobody checks.